1. Getting things done. The Art of stress-free Productivity, David Allen

The revised edition is perhaps the most famous book in the world on time management and personal effectiveness, first published in 2001 and translated into 30 languages. David Allen, who worked on the book for 20 years, introduced the Getting Things Done system, which today has millions of fans around the world.

The book consists of three parts. In the first part, David Allen talks about why time is always lacking, what habits are hindering you, about how important it is to make lists of tasks. In the second part – the practice and recommendations for planning. What is this process, what may be needed for planning? The third part will teach you to compile lists of tasks and plan your time.

Take the Getting Things Done system into the arsenal and learn to correctly prioritize, separate the important from the secondary. As a result, you will find that the time, which was still so little yesterday, is actually enough for work and rest.

2. Hard time management. Take your life under control, Dan Kennedy

This book unfairly falls into the selection of the best books on time management. The main idea of the book is that you need to free your life from the devourers of time. Honestly, after reading the book, we were even surprised, there are so many of them.

Of course, a number of measures proposed by the author are rather radical, but they sing it out from most books on time management.

3. Get out of the comfort zone. 21 methods of increasing personal effectiveness, Brian Tracy

Leaving your comfort zone is probably the most difficult for any person. Brian Tracy studied the issues of time allocation for 30 years and believes that nothing is impossible here. Moreover – only a way out of this very zone will allow to effectively solve complex problems and not spend too much time on them.

The book used to come out under the name “Eat a frog! 21 ways to learn to manage.” So if you’ve already read a book with that name, then a new edition is what it is. What does the frog have to do with it? Tracy cites Mark Twain, who once said that if in the morning the first thing to eat a frog, the rest of the day will be wonderful. In the sense that if you do all the unpleasant things in the morning, then the rest of the day you will not suffer, thinking about them, and generally free up your time for pleasant things.

“Do not you physically have time to do everything you need? And do not expect to have time. You have overwhelmed yourself with your head, because you do not distinguish between essential and secondary affairs, worse – delay to undertake precisely for what is of fundamental importance. Every time you stop the first step: learn to overcome yourself – and life will change. ”

4. I have no time! In search of free time in the era of universal time pressure, Brigid Schulte

If you have no time for anything, and yet you are a woman, this book is just a must read. Brigid teaches us to find time for ourselves and our hobbies in an endless succession of cases.

The book is the result of a journalistic investigation conducted by Schulte, having met with many people from different generations and talking to them about how they cope with permanent employment.

Men, of course, can frighten the book with a slightly feminist approach, but this is completely in vain – good advice, suitable for both women and men.

5. Maximum concentration. How to maintain efficiency in the era of clip-making, Lucy Jo Palladino

This book is not really about time management, but we still decided to include it in our collection. Time management and the ability to concentrate on the implementation of specific cases are very closely related.

Psychologist Lucy Jo Palladino says that our ability to concentrate largely depends on the level of adrenaline in our body. Good news: this can be consciously managed.

Palladino tells how to learn to focus on one task without being distracted by unnecessary, and thus perform work faster, leaving time to rest. A very useful skill for all of us, given the life rhythm we live in.

The post 5 super-useful books on time management appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

It is necessary to write briefly and clearly.

From you are waiting for manifestations of abilities to build and prove your position on certain problems on the basis of acquired knowledge and independent thinking.

The quality of any essay (essay) depends on three components: the source material (the abstracts of the literature, lectures, the results of the discussions, your own considerations and the experience gained on this issue), the quality of its processing (organization, argumentation and arguments), the argumentation (how accurate it correlates with the problems raised in your essay).

On the topic should first read 2-3 key articles or chapters from the books, which give a conceptual framework or theoretical arguments, provide empirical data, consider and evaluate the range of literature on this topic.

The structure of written work, as a rule, consists of such components as the introduction (the essence and justification for choosing the chosen topic), the main part (the reasoned disclosure of the topic based on the collected material), the conclusion (generalizations and conclusions).

In the introduction, it is very useful to give brief definitions of key terms.

However, try to minimize the number of definitions (say, 3-4).

Filling the main part, limit within the paragraph consideration of one main idea.

When quoting, always take the text in quotation marks and give an exact reference to the source (including the page number), otherwise the text will be considered plagiarism.

In conclusion, it is worth giving an indication of the application of your research, without excluding the relationship with other problems.

EXAMINATORS DO NOT LIKE:

• if you cannot answer the question;
• poor organization of the response;
• inability to follow the answer to the main question;
• use of rhetoric (affirmation) instead of argumentation (evidence);
• negligent handling of data, including excessive generalization;
• If the narrative is too extensive and not supported by analytical material;
• if other points of view are stated without expressing one’s own position;
• repetitions (without the need).

If at the training stage it is still difficult to correctly express thoughts in which there is directness and frankness, it means that it is necessary to call specialists https://www.amblesideprimary.com. Due to their professionalism and vast experience, an essay on a given topic will acquire features of naturalness and originality.

The post How To Write A Good Essay? appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

The first European photographers-freelancers were great romantics and very envied colleagues from the Anglo-Saxon part of the world, where the copyright rights were treated with respect.

Fortunately, in the late 1950s, a movement emerged spontaneously in Europe, uniting young photographers from different countries in an attempt to change the situation and establish new rules for the distribution of photos on the market. In the 60’s in the world of photojournalism, great changes took place, as a result of which the first basic rules of photo production and distribution were established, and the first attempt was made to cause respect for copyright.

The political riots of the 60’s and 70’s helped photojournalism, forming a new layer of so-called concerned photographers. Such photographers of the agency were given the opportunity to travel around the world, shoot at the “hot spots” and capture the history. So they contributed to the birth of a real school of photojournalists working on the scale of the entire planet, which exists to this day. Large orders of such editions as Time, Life, National Geographic, Newsweek, German Geo, Sunday Times, New York Times Magazine became milestones in the history of photojournalism. It was her golden age: at the same time in different parts of the world worked such masters as Anthony Suau, Christopher Morris, James Nauchtwey, Turnley brothers, photographers of the French agencies Sygma, Gamma and Sipa, as well as photojournalists from the newly formed English agencies.

The idea of the formation of agencies Gamma and Sygma belongs to the French photographer Hubert Henrotte. He wanted to create a cost-effective production and distribution network, which, selling photo essays around the world, could cover costs and produce a high-quality photographic product. In my opinion, he was one of the best directors in the history of the existence of photo agencies. The success of the Gammas and Sigma created by Enroth is due to the emergence of other smaller, more specialized and narrowly focused agencies.

Until the beginning of the 1980s such a scheme of work was preserved and was justified, as it helped to create many important and truly serious works. Photographers were eager to cooperate with these agencies, providing them, for their part, publications in the best publications. They were all reluctant to enter into direct contact with the magazines, as the work in the agencies enabled them to travel and be free. Their places in newspapers and magazines were taken by art directors, photo editors and editors-in-chief, whose task it was to select “pictures”. The problem is that these people are not always able to adequately assess this or that material.

At this stage, there were two ways of understanding photojournalism.

The essence of American photojournalism, as it is defined in American universities and specialized educational institutions, such as the International Photography Center (ICP) in New York, is to serve as “historical evidence”. From this point of view, the depiction of the event is social, historical, or simply a reflection of our daily life, is meant to be a kind of “testimony” and should create for us a visual image of history. For this reason, “evidence”, it turns out, often carries the burden of ethical responsibility, and this load can be too heavy for those who choose for themselves the path of “a photographer who captures history.” Therefore, a very small number of military photographers manage to translate this rather utopian mission justify their work. Photography as a direct and dry documentation of the event makes it obvious the photographer’s ability to catch the very essence of the event. In this, the difference between the Anglo-Saxon way of thinking and what constitutes the grain of European photography, which tends to reflect history is not so straightforward. This difference is reflected in the language itself. Anglo-Saxons are more synthetic by nature: to express the same idea they will need only a few words of a sonnet, and a Frenchman or an Italian on the same subject will write a verbose poem.

The post Agencies & Photojournalism appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

1. LetterSpace

A simple and convenient application for keeping notes. The main advantage is in the simplicity of recruiting and organizing notes. You can navigate through the text of the entry by moving your finger along the blue bar above the keyboard. Notes are sorted by groups using a separate row for hashtags. Also in the texts you can add mention of friends. The application is free, available to users of iOS and Mac.

2. WordPress for iOS and Android

With this application, you can quickly manage your blog or website from mobile devices, if you do not have access to a PC or laptop. In fact, the application almost copies standard WordPress. He has a rich set of tools for creating and editing text. It is possible to attach audio, video and photos to notes. Also there is access to statistics – the number of records, visitors, views, comments, subscribers for different time intervals. Another important function is the management of comments. The app is free.

3. FilMic Pro

Application for shooting and editing video. It has convenient and large-scale settings for editing video of different resolutions. Minus – the application is available so far only on iOS and is paid. For users of other devices and those who do not want to pay, there is an application Cinema FV-5 Lite – almost a clone of FilMic Pro and also free.

4. Cogi

Excellent free application for recording interviews. It allows you to highlight important points in the record. For example, the speaker pours water for a long time and tiresomely, and then suddenly starts to say something important. This important can be highlighted in the color record. You just need to slap your finger on the mug of the recording, and the application will select the desired piece of speech. Also Cogi allows you to add audio and photo files, text notes as comments to the entry.

5. LifeCorr

A unique application from the creators of the television channel Lifenews, which allows everyone to feel like a reporter. The developers themselves call the application an instrument of citizen journalism. Here you can earn by being at the right time in the right place. The application publishes tasks – for example, make a broadcast from the site of a fire. Also immediately indicates the cost of work. The application itself, using geo-targeting, identifies those who are near the scene of the incident and sends them push notifications.

Recently there was a new functionality – if you saw something interesting and are ready to share it, you do not need to wait for the task. Start to broadcast live from the scene, they will see you and will contact you via chat.

With the application you can make good money – for photos and video pay from 100 to several thousand dollars. Money is transferred to a mobile phone or bank card.

The post Top 5 useful applications for journalists appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

I do not think that photojournalism will die (we still need wonderful photos), but it is clear that it will radically change under the influence of the processes taking place in the agencies.

I would like to emphasize that when speaking about photojournalism, I mean all three of its components: news, reportage and documentary photography.

News photography is a daily survey of current events, whether local or international. Materials related to international events are supplied to the world market by agencies such as Reuters, AP and AFP, and local news is the prerogative of smaller and more specialized agencies or just beginning a career of free photographers (freelance). In this sector, the appearance of digital cameras very quickly and very seriously changed the situation. Many famous photographers today began their career with a news photo. Working with the news is a great school for a photojournalist. The daily need to shoot a wide variety of subjects – from criminal incidents and political events to world events – gives the photographer an excellent opportunity to show a quick reaction in composing the composition, a skill that is unlikely to develop in someone who has never worked with news.

On the other hand, the reportage is the same work with the news, but still stretched in time – an average of a week. This sub-genre of photojournalism is in an obvious crisis and still exists only thanks to some photographers-freelancers, the will of the case and small orders. The costs are quite high, and therefore this work is not very profitable, and the supply far exceeds the demand. In addition, in this genre there are not so many photographers offering high quality material, as well as easily changing topics and able to constantly live in crossings and flights from place to place. A good story is a story, and a photographer should be able to tell this story quite fascinatingly and brightly, without forgetting about the details, otherwise a rather general and boring photo essay will turn out.

Finally, we came to the subject of a documentary photograph. In fact, this is the same report, but no longer in a tight temporary and editorial framework. It is documentary photography that must survive, and it is she who, over time, can bring fame and money to the photographer. However, the photographer himself needs to know the market well, in order to be able to receive grants and awards, useful not only in terms of materiality, but also in terms of maintaining interest in the topics over which he works. In addition, the photographer must have a passion for work and be disciplined at the same time. A good, high-quality work devoted to an interesting topic can also contribute to the emergence of new niches in the market. New opportunities are opened by sponsors, humanitarian organizations, exhibitions, publishers of books and albums. Publishers are in constant search of materials and topics for books, catalogs and related exhibitions.

The post Photojournalism Today appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

They should use it, because in journalistic work he helps to obtain invaluable information. Information that helps to adapt content to user expectations and optimally utilize the potential of the website on which it is published.

How to do it? Let’s show it on the example of statistics for the largest blog for journalism students. Let’s look at some of the most important indicators that you can use in your daily work.

Audience. What we know about it and how to use it

Number of users and pageviews. According to these data, apparently, each author follows. Everything is clear here: the more, the better. However, let’s also look at the other options – they also have a lot of useful information, both for the entire site and for individual pages, that is, articles.

1. Sessions per user

This indicator tells us how many times a statistic has appeared on a page during the selected period. The higher the result, the better. If it is close to 1, this means that visitors are not returning to your site. How to change it? Publish interesting topics systematically, promote materials where your readers are – for example, in social networks.

2. Pages / Session

How many pages a statistic user visits per visit is another parameter that shows how a site engages an audience. The more pages the better. The closer to 1, the worse. This result means that the Internet user enters your site, reads the article and goes out (or goes out without reading).

How to draw it? If the problem is that the reader leaves the page after reading the article, show that you have more material on the subject of interest. Use the Call To Action mechanism – encourage you to do some action: give links to develop the context (“may be of interest”), display articles on similar topics, top-notch materials, add (to the extent possible) image galleries and multimedia. Take care of clear and interesting navigation.

3. Bounce rate

Worse, if a visitor escapes from your site without reading content. The bounce rate shows how many people leave the site without any action, even those that do not require an update. A decent result will be 40-50%. If the result exceeds 70%, you should start worrying. There may be several reasons for this. Perhaps it’s a misleading description on Google or in social networks. The site may be unreadable, content is unattractive or lacking in encouragement for further action. How to fix it? Of course, you can use all the solutions from the previous paragraph. And take additional care of the forum or comment system. Enliven the discussion, take part in it, give readers the opportunity to contact the author or at least have the opportunity to express such an idea. Do not use invasive advertisements.

4. Average session duration

The metric shows how much time an average user visits per site on your site. If your result is measured in seconds – it is an exciting cause. If the rest of the engagement options are also low, this means that the content does not reach those users or the page does not work properly. If your result – about a minute or more – it means that there is potential. How to hold a user forever? All solutions offered earlier will help. Add to them also the development of topics, interesting multimedia – such as video materials, slide shows, etc.

How in this background is a blog that we took as an example? He still has a lot of work ahead. Not only in search of new readers, but also in better engaging other users to the rest of the texts. Nevertheless, the blog is already working well with those who read a specific post. The low failure rate is the result of a good comment system: users are willing to participate in discussions.

Well submit your site on smartphones

More than half of Internet traffic is generated by mobile devices. Do not forget about smartphone and tablet users today. Google Analytics lets you check how mobile users interact with your website and content.

Now you can compare quantitative and qualitative results for certain types of devices. Mobile users are by definition more impatient and less loyal, but the difference does not have to be great. If mobile interaction is very different from “stationary,” it’s a signal that the mobile version looks bad. It’s possible the site is unreadable on small screens or the entire site is not working properly. Check it out and fix it.

The blog we take for an example needs to improve its mobile version. Smartphone and tablet users obviously leave the page without any activity.

And although the result of mobile bounce itself is decent, against the background of computer failure it should serve as a signal lamp.

And what about separation on separate channels? Let’s have a guide to the structure of traffic all over the internet. Earlier, the research company Gemius reported that in Poland the structure looks like this:

• computers: 47.4%;
• smartphones: 45.8%,
• tablets: 3.2%;

The rest of the traffic is generated by other devices – smart TVs, console, etc.

If you create content for a wide range of readers, your results should be comparable. The younger your users are, the bigger part of mobile devices. The author of our blog should check why journalists are reluctant to read it on their mobile.

However, demographic data for your audience will be useful not only for understanding device distribution. If you are working on the portal for students, and do the topics of retirement, cosmetics or women’s fashion – you need to make sure you reach the expected target audience.

The blog that we took for example, it succeeds. If the situation is the opposite, choose more accurate headlines and descriptions for Google, speak the language of your audience, and promote content in those places where your audience appears most often.

Where does the audience come from?

How to check out where your readers come from? How to evaluate the effectiveness of each of them? How do I understand individual traffic sources? Google Analytics will help you get answers to these questions.

It looks like this:

• Organic Search – The audience comes from search engines.
• Direct – Users who enter the address manually or those that have saved the site to the favorites.
• Social (Social) – Users come from social media.
• Referral (referrals) – The audience comes through links on other sites.
• Paid Search – The audience comes from paid advertising.

The structure of your audience depends on how the “moving” materials are. If you work intensely on Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn then you have to see the effect of that. Qualitative parameters (bounce rate, page / session, average session duration) allow you to evaluate whether your target audience is reading on separate channels.

Pay special attention to the results of the “Direct” metric – the higher it is, the more loyal your audience is. She comes to you consciously, specifically to read your material.

Interesting conclusions can also be made on the basis of keywords and phrases that allow readers to find your content when they search on Google (to see this, you need to integrate an Analytics account with one more application – Google Search Console).

The first position is people who prohibit the browser to monitor their behavior on the Internet. Individuals who are busy with privacy are becoming more and more – and that’s good. However, the rest of the data is enough to get results.

You can check what queries are written by users who find your site. Compare the number of clicks with the number of links in the search results. It measures the Click Through Rate parameter. 100% means that everyone who saw him clicked on the link. The closer the result is, the better. The “average position” shows where the queries have a link to your page.

An analysis of these data will give you answers to several questions and suggest some ideas:

What information is being sought by people who come to your site. Create more stuff on similar topics.

Are your headlines and headlines to the texts interesting? If you have a lot of impressions and few clicks, it’s a signal that the headline and page description do not encourage users to read the text. Work on it.

Is your audience the one you want to attract? If you do not see a response to the most important topics for you – work on their positioning.

Of course, the Google Analytics tool provides a much more in-depth analysis of data. The proposed set is just the beginning. But on the basis of these indicators, you can see if your content effectively covers the audience. After all, today the journalist should not only create good materials, but also be able to get to his readers.

The post Google Analytics in Journalist Work: A Brief Advisor appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

1. The growth of Internet advertising and the potential of the mobile

According to IAB and PwC, to which the report refers, in the United States, spending on online advertising grew by 21% in 2017 compared to 22% growth a year earlier. Mobile segment added in volume of 29% against the background of growth of time spent for using smartphones, only by 26%.

The lag between these gains creates the untapped potential of the mobile, estimated by analysts at about $ 7 billion.

2. Wider penetration of Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi networks, important for collecting offline data about potential customers, continue to spread around the world. According to the report, over the past two years, their total number has increased by more than 20%.

3. More electronic payments

60% of the daily payments of users around the world are made by one of the ways different from the payment in the cashier’s shop: electronic purses tied to application cards, etc. This was shown in the survey of citizens of different countries on their last 10 transactions.

4. Video: more mobile views and formats

By the end of 2017, the time that the average inhabitant of the planet watched video from the phone daily exceeded 30 minutes. With the growth of video content consumption, new formats are emerging and gaining popularity in the market – Mary Meeker, for example, notes among them live broadcasts in Twitch.

Video formats, especially advertising ones, also appear actively: both available worldwide offers Google, and local, which are only in Russian social networks. For example, TrueView for Reach and TrueView for Action are the formats for expanding the reach or increasing conversions on YouTube.

And in June, just three social networks announced new features on their platforms in the field of video. So, Facebook launched an interactive video. Content creators will be able to make interactive video games using a specially designed game platform.

Instagram introduced a new application IGTV, in which users will post videos up to 1 hour, and in a vertical format, that is, mobile-oriented. There will also be a scroll bar for the video. The application will be available for download in a few weeks.

And YouTube, in turn, announced that it adds new options that will help video creators make money on them more and easier. First of all, this is paid access to the exclusive content of popular channels – Channel Membership. For $ 4.99 per month, users will receive additional videos, live broadcasts, emoji and special badges. Also, vlogers will be able to trade their own merchandise from the channel page. And one more innovation is “Premieres”, the essence of which is that the authors will be able to broadcast previously recorded video live, communicating with subscribers in real time.

There is no doubt: mobile video is one of the most promising segments for advertisers. The new generation, which will soon make a solvent demand, is accustomed to visual perception of information – it is necessary to take this into account in its marketing strategy.

5. Take-off of the voice search

In the field of voice technology in 2017 a real revolution took place. The level of accuracy of Google’s word recognition has exceeded the bar in 95% – the threshold with which a word can be disassembled by a person! The number of installations of the voice assistant Amazon Echo, as well as the number of his skills over the past couple of years, more than tripled.

In the current situation, those who have not yet prepared their campaigns for the growing number of voice requests, misses a significant share of quality traffic.

6. Growth of social network profits

The annual profit of Facebook in terms of per daily user was $34 in 2017, compared to $20 in early 2016. The growth of 1.7 times indicates a general increase in the involvement of social network visitors.

7. The growth of electronic commerce

Revenues from electronic commerce in the US increased by 16%, passing the $ 400 billion mark. The rate of its growth increased compared to 14% in 2016. Now the share of e-commerce in the total volume of the retail market is 13%.

8. LTV – the main metric

Marketers around the world recognize the “life value” of a buyer, or LTV, the most important metric in optimizing advertising. So responded to a survey of Salesforce Digital Advertising about the importance of various indicators of 27% of respondents.

Thus, world trends are not so far from us, as it may seem at first glance. For marketers, this means only one thing: to introduce world practices into your strategy makes sense now, as long as the emerging trends are not yet realized everywhere.

The post The main Internet trends of 2018 appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

At present, there are many compositional types and models of realization of this genre, embodied in various forms. In modern humanitarian practice, the following types of essays are singled out:

1) from the point of view of the type of speech and functioning – academic and non-academic;

2) from the point of view of content – literary, artistic, scientific-artistic, journalistic / journalistic, philosophical, philosophical-legal, linguistic, literary-physical, mathematical, pedagogical, art, cinematographic, television, etc.;

3) from the point of view of form – a review, a note, a letter, a page from a diary, etc.;

4) from the point of view of the type of speech – description, reasoning, narrative. The Western Humanitarian School offers a different classification: Opinion Essay, Response (Reaction) Essay, Research Essay, close in purpose and objectives to the course or diploma work, Persuasive Essay, Argumentative Essay, Compare and Contrast Essay, Analysis (Interpretation) Essay, and others.

Academic Essay: From Theme to Self-Esteemed Opinion

Academic essay is one of the scientific genres on a par with the course and diploma (qualification) projects, articles, abstracts, abstracts, summaries, articles, reviews, reports. The word “academic” means “relating to the academy as a scientific institution or higher education institution”. Academic writing offers students a series of classes, including Academic Reading and Writing or Introduction to Effective Reading, Introduction to University Writing. In English, the word academic refers to the orientation toward a certain circle of people, their community, which has its own rules of conduct, communication, and forms of communication.

Currently, the academic essay increasingly attracts the attention of the pedagogical community. This type of written work is used as an intermediate and final report due to the fact that it is subject to “objective measurement”. Teachers who have extensive practical experience in the field of academic writing, note its self-evident advantages.

Work on the scientific essay:

1) forces the learner “to systematically generate coherent texts on the subject under study”;

2) accustoms him to mental discipline, demands from him “a slow, thoughtful insight into the subject and the ordering of his thoughts with a written description of them,” contributes to the consolidation of the material;

3) helps to master the language of the given subject area and develop skills of academic “literacy”, trains observation, analytical, “tenacious look”; forms the skills of correct participation in “professional conversation”, “tolerance for another opinion”, individual responsibility;

4) develop interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary connections, research and communication competencies, form an individual style;

5) the student learns to combine subjective knowledge with sources of objective knowledge;

6) allows us to observe his gradual intellectual maturation.

The expediency and effectiveness of using the academic essay is obvious when comparing some principles of the organization of the educational process in European and American universities.

In the universities of Western Europe and the United States in the organization of the educational process, the main emphasis is on the independent work of students, focused on the creation of written works. The appeal to the genre of the academic essay gives many positive results, significantly enriches the educational process, makes it more conscious and interesting.

In the world theory and practice, the canons of the genre of a scientific essay, the methodology of its preparation and writing, are developed.

If you still require some paper writing help, let us consider in more detail.

1) Structure of the academic essay:

The academic essay consists of the following parts:

Title – reflects the main scientific problem, which is devoted to the essay. The title should be designed aesthetically.

Introduction – thesis-problem. The introduction contains 1) a general introduction; 2) basic information / information on the history of the issue; 3) a description of what exactly will be discussed in the main part.

Body – the reasoned disclosure of the problem on the basis of the collected material. Data analysis and reasoning should be accurately correlated with the issues raised in the essay. This part of the work includes the correlation and generalization of other points of view with a statement of one’s own and its rationale. In the course of argumentation / reasoning it is recommended to use empirical information as an illustrative material. In this part of the work, you must adhere to a strict structure and hierarchy (from the main to the secondary, from more to less important). Evidence should be strong, convincing, weighed, effective, independent, non-contradictory. Their number depends on the problem being discussed, the chosen plan and the logic of the development of thought. To highlight the main points of the reasoned presentation, the designation of its main points and the observance of logic in the disclosure of the problem, it is recommended to use paragraphs / sub-headings (they can be entitled). One paragraph / subtitle reflects one main idea.

Conclusion – a brief summary and presentation of the main arguments. The conclusion can also contain such an important supplementary essay element as an indication of the application of your work, without excluding the relationship with other problems.

The academic essay is distinguished by “sharp personalization”, reflexivity, criticality (the main goal is to express your opinion, convincingly prove and argue it), academic style, accuracy, clarity, clarity, richness of thought, logic and ease of presentation of thoughts (do not forget that about you “Judge by the text”). Volume – from 1 5000 to 4 000 words.

Qualitative preparation of materials necessary for the essay (abstracts of scientific literature, lectures, notes of discussions and own reflections, experience gained), their generalization and presentation. The best preliminary work in the preparation of the essay is a summary of the article, monographs, etc.

There are many ways and ways of organizing preparatory records. The most effective method of abstracting is the method proposed by the specialists of the Higher School of Social and Economic Sciences. Here are the recommendations made: a) divide the notebook into two columns – in the left one you can make an abstract of the material that you are reading, in the right one – compare the contents of this abstract with other facts about which you “previously read, heard (in lectures), discussed on classes or in an informal setting, as well as with your own comments and critical comments on the text that you are reading. In other words, you use your notes to build a cross-reference, based on your own considerations, language, data, and also your own comments on the statements of others.” Another method: a) work out the necessary material and b) structure it structurally according to the scheme: problem – arguments (arguments) – examples – output.

Clear justification and upholding of their position. When forming your own point of view on a particular issue, your “ability to critically and independently evaluate the data range and viewpoints / arguments of others, the ability to understand, evaluate and establish the connection between the key points of any problems and issues” is at the center of attention.

Observance of scientific ethics. All the footnotes in the work are carefully verified and supplied with “addresses”. It is inadmissible to include in your work excerpts from the work of other authors without indicating this, to retell someone else’s work close to the text without reference to it, to use other people’s ideas without indicating the source. All cases of plagiarism should be ruled out. The bibliographic list must be formalized according to the rules.

The post Academic Essay: Theory and Practice of Writing appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

The most frequent question asked by PR people is: “How should we accommodate ourselves?”.

Alas, only a few of them think about the final result. PR specialists for some reason are sure that having got their information into the major federal media, they have already solved their problem.

However, I want to remind you of a rather trivial thing: the media today, especially when it comes to the Internet, are increasingly engaged in the delivery of content and increasingly with its packaging.

For a specific article, photographic tape, infographics, a user can come in many ways – through news aggregators, from social networks, instant messengers or email-sending, with the help of search engines and partner media, finally. Therefore, now as never before it is important not only where you publish your content, but also in what form you publish it.

1. Useful

Advise! We live in a world where everything that people do not know, they are looking for on the Internet. Life hacks, “cards”, just articles with several subtitles – everything can be claimed in the presence, of course, of relevant expert experience.

In doing so, try to formulate the topics of your recommendations so that they correspond to the time of the year and the market situation. It is not necessary to tell in a 30-degree heat how to choose New Year’s toys, and in the economic crisis to offer the top 10 most expensive jewelry as a gift.

2. Nostalgia

In childhood, as you know, ice cream was tastier, and the grass is greener. If you can enter your product into the associative series of the past, then do not hesitate to do it. The retro theme will always be in vogue, and if a person can compare how his life differs from the life of his grandparents, he will definitely finish reading the material to the end and even repost it.

3. Scarecrow

Do you like horror movies? I am very, first of all, for the feeling of relief that you experience when you realize that you are sitting in your favorite chair under a cozy blanket and eat delicious cookies.

Security is a basic human need, so he will always be interested in publications about the catastrophes of the past and threats of the present or future.

I emphasize that the purpose of the editorial board is not to frighten the reader. Horror for the horror of leaving the film industry. We thus draw attention to serious problems with real estate (or other spheres of life) and give solutions to them. So, in November we wrote an article with the title “Ten stalemate situations with real estate, in which it is better not to get”, it keeps in the tops of the views for the second month in a row.

4. Cool

Each of us is guilty of at least one crime on the Internet – timekilling. And sometimes I just want to breathe out in a difficult working environment and switch to something for a couple of minutes, not requiring grand mental efforts. It is at this point, as a rule, in the course go seals, memes and texts with headlines like “Top-10 most beautiful medieval castles.”

5. An Occasion

“Scandals, intrigues, investigations” – such a slogan was a well-known television program. He turned to the internal detective in his TV viewers, to the desire to understand how the world of show business or politics actually works.

In principle, such a secret researcher can be used in less shocking purposes. Try to tell how your plant, restaurant, workshop works – and you will be surprised how many people are interested in your business. It is important only that the material is present at least a couple of details, “about which so far no one knows.”

6. Holywar

More than arguing, people like to read other people’s arguments. Therefore, if your speaker is not afraid of open discussion, then boldly go to the genre of the column, and it is better with a topic that is ambiguous and can cause objections and find opponents. Unexpected plus can be the continuation of the dialogue that you started in one media, in several others.

The post 6 life hacks, how to make the article interesting appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.

Computer technology opens up new horizons for photographic creativity, allowing you to achieve impressive results by correcting and converting images. Now there are opportunities to implement almost any creative idea, the photographer has become truly free in creating photography as a work of art. “A photojournalist is increasingly becoming an artist, and journalistic photography is an art.”

The widespread introduction of digital photographic technologies led to marked changes in the following aspects of photography, which had the most significant impact on photojournalism:

1) the photo has become truly popular – now in most cases, to take a picture, it is not necessary to know the exposure meter (the “smart” automatic camera will set the shutter speed and aperture itself), as it was in recent times, it is not necessary to know the basics of photographic chemistry process, be able to display film, know methods of projection and contact photo printing, own different ways of processing photo papers that optimize their quality, etc.;

2) the technical level of images obtained with the help of digital methods has been improved, as a result of the improvement of elements and units of photographic equipment, the computerization of cameras with the implementation of sophisticated and sophisticated automatic algorithms of “intra-camera” image processing, which allows to speak about the high “intellectualization” of modern cameras, marriage;

3) the probability of obtaining expressive staff increased even by an unskilled photographer, since in the absence of the need for additional financial expenses for film and chemical reagents for its processing, it became possible to shoot many frames for each plot (this is analogous to shooting from automatic weapons: even for the not very good shooter it is possible that one bullet from the long queue will fall into the target, unlike the situation when a highly trained and highly trained one is trained by a professional – “sniper shot”);

4) the methods of improving the photographs already taken and the correction of the marriage that occurred during the shooting progressed, by computer post-processing in graphic editors, which also became an important factor in obtaining high-tech photographs;

5) the creative possibilities of the photographer as the creator of a new reality (also thanks to computer image processing) expanded, which is evidenced by the widespread and unimaginable perfection of collages and photoarties that never before brought together photography and fine art;

6) the final representation of the photo has changed – photographs are increasingly viewed on the monitor screen and are being printed less often;

7) the quality of photographic printing has increased – thanks to digital printer wide format printing, not only the technical level of images has increased, but wide-format printing has become available and widespread (no one is surprised at color photographs of multimetric dimensions), it became possible to print a photo immediately with the elements of its design-frames, passepartout and etc.;

8) the speed of presentation of the finished photo has reached a whole new level – the picture is ready for use as soon as it is made and can be immediately sent to the editorial office or posted on the Internet thanks to the use of modern telecommunications facilities;

9) the photos became widely available due to the possibility of their distribution via the Internet – now it is enough to put pictures on the web, so that almost anyone could see them and if they want to use it.

Unfortunately, there is a downside to technological progress in photography – technical development is accompanied by a number of negative phenomena, often at first glance paradoxical.

Among the negative aspects of the transition from analogue to digital photography, you can specify the following:

1) a pronounced regression of the aesthetics of mass photography, the causes of which are multifaceted and will be briefly outlined below;

2) the fall in the average level of professionalism of photographers in general and photojournalists in particular;

3) wide distribution of low-quality photographs in the media in the media;

4) “dissolving” really good photos in a huge mass of medium and low-level imagery, especially when it comes to photos posted on the Global Network;

5) the rapid and wide spread of “fashion” to certain, often little artistic, technical and creative methods of shooting and processing images;

6) the problem of copyright protection for digital images due to the extraordinary ease of copying graphic files with full preservation of their quality (a printed photo to reproduce in its original quality is often almost impossible, especially if the original is reproduced in typographical way); a special role in the possible violation of the rights of authors on images is played by the Internet, since the photographs posted on the web can be easily used without the permission of their author or owner, and there are not reliable enough ways to protect against such unauthorized actions or control over the distribution of images (even introduced by stenographic methods digital watermarks with information about the author do not solve the problem).

All of the above negative aspects related to the transition to the “figure”, except for the latter, are more or less related to categories of expressiveness, artistry, aesthetic value, etc. Apart from this, there is the problem of protecting copyrights for digital images, the solution of which involves a whole range of measures, primarily legal and technical ones. Moreover, it can be said that raising the cultural level, morality, and reducing legal nihilism should also contribute to the task of protecting the rights of authors.

Among the factors contributing to the fact that low-quality photography is becoming more widespread, takes more and more dominant positions, it should be attributed:

1) the technical excellence of modern photographic equipment, creating the prerequisites for even a “user” who understands nothing in photography could, using automatic shooting modes, obtain technically good quality images;

2) a low average level of culture of the population, and hence amateur photographers, and part of professional photographers and photojournalists, which does not allow to adequately assess the quality of the photographs taken;

3) the wide penetration of the Internet into all spheres of our life, including photographic creativity;

4) exceptional possibilities of computer editing, which, if the author’s taste is not sufficient, lead to the appearance of pseudo-artistic photographs;

5) reduction of the rates of photo correspondents by the editions of a number of publications, primarily small regional and corporate ones, with the transfer of their functions to writing journalists.

Thus, the introduction of digital technologies has led to a number of negative consequences for photography in general and for photojournalism in particular. There are a number of factors that determine the increasingly widespread use of low-quality photographs, a drop in the level of photo-illustrations published in various publications.

It is necessary to emphasize the special role of photographs in the media – any edition largely determines the value orientations of the readership, among which the most important are the aesthetic guidelines. The deterioration of the quality of photo-illustrations contributes to the degradation of the taste of the readership, the reduction of the mass cultural level.

The post Problems of Modern Photojournalism in the Context of the Progress of Digital Photographic Technologies appeared first on ALEXABRUNET.COM.